فصل البدل

It is a taabi’, attributed to which is that which is attributed to its matboo’, and it is a purpose of the nisbah even without its matboo’.  There are four types of badl:

i. بدل الكل من الكل – and what is meant by it is what is meant by its matboo’ , such as جاءني زيدٌ اخوكَ

ii. بدل البعض من الكل – and what is meant by it is a part of what is meant by its matboo’, such as ضربتُ زيدًا راسَهُ

iii. بدل الاشتمال – and what is meant by it is is muta’alliq to the matboo’, like سُلِبَ زيدٌ ثوبُهْ

iv. بدل الغلط – and it is that which is mentioned after a mistake, such as جاءني زيدٌ جعفرٌ و ريتُ رجلا حمارًا

And if the badl to a ma’rifah is a nakirah, it is necessary to give it a na’t, like His saying, Most High: با لنّاصِيَةِ نا صِيَةٍ كاذِبَةٍ . And this is not necessary in its opposite (when badl is ma’rifah and the mubdal minhu is nakirah) and in mutajaanisayn (if they are both ma’rifah or both nakirah).